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The Reina–Valera is a Spanish translation of the Bible originally published in 1909^[1] when United Bible Societies revised the earlier translation produced in 1569 by Casiodoro de Reina. This translation was known as the 'Biblia del Oso' (in English: Bear Bible)^[2] because the illustration on the title page showed a bear trying to reach a container of honeycombs hanging from a tree.^[3] Since that date, it has undergone various revisions notably those of 1909, 1960, 1995,^[1] and more recently in 2011. The Reina–Valera Bible is as central to the perception of the Bible in Spanish as the King James Version is in English.

• 1History

History[edit]

Starting point[edit]

Casiodoro de Reina, a former Catholic monk of the Order of St. Jerome, and later an independent Lutherantheologian,^[4] with the help of several collaborators^[5] produced the Biblia del Oso, the first complete Bible printed in Spanish. (Earlier translations, such as the 13th-century Alfonsina Bible, translated from Jerome's Vulgate, had been copied by hand.)

It was first published on September 28, 1569, in Basel, Switzerland.^[6][7] The translation was based on the Hebrew Masoretic Text (Bomberg's Edition, 1525) and the Greek Textus Receptus (Stephanus' Edition, 1550). As secondary sources, de Reina used the Ferrara Bible for the Old Testament and the Latin Edition of Santes Pagnino throughout. For the New Testament, he was greatly aided by the translations of Francisco de Enzinas and Juan Pérez de Pineda. The 1569 version included the deuterocanonical books within the Old Testament.

Edition by Cipriano de Valera[edit]

In 1602 Cipriano de Valera, a student of de Reina, published a revision of the Biblia del Oso which was printed in Amsterdam in which the deuterocanonical books were placed in a section between the Old and New Testaments called the Apocrypha.^[8] Among the reasons for the revision was the fact that in the intervening period words had changed their meanings or gone out of use.^[9] For a time, it was known simply by de Valera's name.^[10]

Further revisions[edit]

The British and Foreign Bible Society, the American Bible Society and the United Bible Societies published a total of fifteen revisions between 1808 and 1995^[10] of which those of 1909, 1960 and 1995 are the most significant today and remain in print^[1] and a further revision appeared in 2011. Modern editions often omit the Apocrypha. The principle behind these revisions has been to remain as close to the original Reina–Valera as possible without causing confusion or misunderstanding.^[11] Even the 1995 New Testament is based on the traditional Textus Receptus despite the fact that the United Bible Societies use modern critical Greek texts as the basis for other translations.^[12] It retains the traditional form of the name of God, 'Jehová' (with the notable exceptions of the Nueva Reina Valera 1990, revision which replaces 'Jehová' with 'El Eterno' and the Reina Valera Contemporánea, revision of 2011 which replaces 'Jehová' with 'El Señor').

In addition, it uses for the second-person plural the pronoun 'vosotros' (except for the Reina Valera Contemporánea which replaces 'vosotros' with 'ustedes'), which is obsolete outside Spain.^[13] Apart from updating the vocabulary where necessary, its major innovations lie in the area of visual presentation: Hebrew verse is printed in a way that reflects its structure rather than as if it were prose, and while the numbering of verses has been retained the text is laid out clearly in paragraphs.^[14]

Since the resurgence of the King James Only movement in the United States (and its exportation to other countries), there has been much debate among Christian groups who use the Reina–Valera Bible. However, the 1960 revision became the common Bible of many millions of Spanish-speaking Protestants around the world, surpassing the 1909 in its reception. Almost all Hispanic churches use it, despite further attempts to revise it (for example, the unofficial Reina–Valera-Gomez revision).

The Reina–Valera Bible is one of the Bible translations authorized to be used in Spanish-language services of the Church of Christ, Scientist,^[15] the Anglican Communion as well as by many religious groups.^[16][17]

Unofficial revisions[edit]

• The 1602 Purified Bible done in Monterrey, Mexico, by advocates of King James Onlyism. The First edition was printed in 2001, with the Second Edition in 2002. Their purpose was to create (or rather, to restore) a Spanish-language bible which honored and remained true to the old Reina-Valera Castellan Spanish.
• The Reina–Valera 1865, made by Dr. Ángel H. de Mora of Spain, and subsequently printed by the American Bible Society. The ABS continued to reprint this Valera edition until the 1950s. It was reprinted again in the year 2000 by the Local Church Bible Publishers of Lansing, Michigan, and the Valera Bible Society of Miami, Florida.
• The Reina–Valera–Gómez Bible, a revision of the 1909, done in Matamoros, Mexico, by advocates of King James Onlyism.^[18][19]
• The Trinitarian Bible Society, itself advocating a mild form of King James Onlyism, has been working on a revision of the Valera 1909.
• The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) published in 2009 their first official Spanish edition of the Bible based on the 1909 Reina–Valera edition, with 'a very conservative update of outdated grammar and vocabulary'.^[20][21]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcAnon. ¡Refrescante y más brillante que nunca! Sociedades Bíblicas Unidas (1995) p.9
2. ^The facsimile reproduction was published by the Spanish Bible Society (1970 ISBN84-8083-073-5).
3. ^'La Biblia del Siglo de Oro'. La Biblia Web, Sociedades Bíblicas Unidas. 26 July 2010. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
4. ^compare: Rosales, Raymond S. Casiodoro de Reina: Patriarca del Protestantismo Hispano. St. Louis: Concordia Seminary Publications. 2002.
5. ^González, Jorge A. The Reina–Valera Bible: From Dream to RealityArchived 2007-09-18 at the Wayback Machine
6. ^James Dixon Douglas, Merrill Chapin Tenney (1997), Diccionario Bíblico Mundo Hispano, Editorial Mundo Hispano, pág 145.
7. ^'Sagradas Escrituras (1569) Bible, SEV'. biblestudytools.com. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
8. ^A facsimile edition was produced by the Spanish Bible Society: (Sagrada Biblia. Traducción de Casiodoro de Reina 1569. Revisión de Cipriano de Valera 1602. Facsímil. 1990, Sociedades Biblicas Unidas, ISBN84-85132-72-6)]
9. ^Anon. ¡Refrescante y más brillante que nunca! Sociedades Bíblicas Unidas (1995) pp. 22f
10. ^ ^ab'Versiones castellanas de la Biblia' en Nuevo Diccionario Bíblico Ediciones Certeza (1991)
11. ^Anon. ¡Refrescante y más brillante que nunca! Sociedades Bíblicas Unidas (1995) p.14
12. ^Anon. ¡Refrescante y más brillante que nunca! Sociedades Bíblicas Unidas (1995) pp.19f
13. ^'Presentación' near beginning of the 1995 version study edition (no page number)
14. ^Anon. ¡Refrescante y más brillante que nunca! Sociedades Bíblicas Unidas (1995) pp. 51f
15. ^'Edición de citas - Christian Science Bible Lessons'. Christian Science Bible Lessons.
16. ^'General Seminary will host lecture on printed Bibles'. 27 March 2006.
17. ^'The Canons of the General Convention of the Episcopal Church (Canon 2 - of translations of the Bible) -Episcopal Church'(PDF).
18. ^compare: Here Comes Gomez
19. ^compare: What About The Gomez Bible?
20. ^'Church Edition of Spanish Bible Now Published'. 14 September 2009.
21. ^'La Santa Biblia'. ChurchofJesusChrist.org.

Further reading[edit]

• Raymond S. Rosales. Casiodoro de Reina, patriarca del Protestantismo hispano, in Serie de monografías [de las] Publicaciones del Seminario Concordia, no. 5. Saint Louis, Mo.: Concordia Seminary Publications, 2002. ISBN0-911770-74-7

External links[edit]

• Works by or about Reina-Valera at Internet Archive
• Works by Reina-Valera at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

Several Spanish translations of the Bible have been made since approximately 700 years ago.

Jewish translations[edit]

Medieval Spanish Jews had a tradition of oral translation of Biblical readings into Spanish, and several manuscript translations were made, either for Jewish use or for Christian patrons, for example the 1430 Alba Bible. However, restrictions were placed on the private ownership of Spanish translations of the Bible, partly as a measure against Protestantism and partly for fear that crypto-Jews would use them as a resource for learning Jewish practices.

Following the expulsion of Jews from Spain, the refugees took these versions with them. In 1553 a printed version, known as the Ferrara Bible, was made in Latin characters for Duke Ercole II d'Este of Ferrara. In Constantinople and Salonica Bibles were printed in Hebrew, flanked by translations into Ladino and Judaeo-Greek in Hebrew characters, for the use of the Sephardi Jews. Some later prints contained the Ladino text alone.

Reina-Valera translation[edit]

The classic Spanish translation of the Bible is that of Casiodoro de Reina, revised by Cipriano de Valera. It was for the use of the incipient Protestant movement and is widely regarded as the Spanish equivalent of the King James Version.

The first whole Bible in Spanish was printed in Basel in 1569, authored by Casiodoro de Reina, although some think that this Bible was a collective effort of some monks of the San Isidoro community in Spain, who, led by Casiodoro de Reyna, escaped Inquisition and persecution. This was the first version of the complete Bible in Spanish (including Apocrypha), and is known as 'Biblia del Oso' because of the honey-eating bear on its title page. Reina presented the University of Basel with some volumes, one of them with Reina's dedicatory and signature.

For the Old Testament, the work was possibly based on the Ferrara Bible (printed 1553), with comparisons to the Masoretic Text and the Vetus Latina. The New Testament probably derives from the Textus Receptus of Erasmus with comparisons to the Vetus Latina and Syriac manuscripts. It is possible that Reina also used the New Testament versions that had been translated first by Francisco de Enzinas (printed in Antwerp 1543) and by Juan Pérez de Pineda (published in Geneva 1556, followed by the Psalms 1562).After the publication of the whole Bible by Reina, there was a version from Cipriano de Valera (printed in London 1596) which became part of the first Reina-Valera print (Amsterdam 1602).

This edition of the Reina-Valera Bible has been revised in the 17th, 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries (1602, 1862, 1865, 1909, 1960, 1977, 1989, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2004, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012). The discussion on these revisions especially concerning the 1960 version resulted in the 'Monterrey Revision Project', as well as others, aiming at a revision of the original version of 1602 according to the Textus Receptus.

The Reina-Valera Bible and most of its subsequent revisions, with the notable exceptions of the 2011 and 2015 revisions which uses 'El Señor' (The Lord) and the 1990 revision which uses 'El Eterno' (The Eternal), feature the divine name based on the Hebrew Tetragrammaton rendered as 'Jehová' (Jehovah) throughout the Old Testament starting at Genesis 2:4. The Reina-Valera Bible is one of the Bible Versions authorized to be used in Spanish language services of the Episcopal Church and the Anglican Communion.^[1][2]

Catholic translations[edit]

Catholic Bibles contain the entire canonical text identified by Pope Damasus and the Synod of Rome (382) and the local Councils of Hippo (393) and Carthage (397), contained in St. Jerome's Latin Vulgate translation (420), and decreed infallibly by the Ecumenical Council of Trent (1570). Their official publication requires approval by the Holy See or conference of bishops.^[3]

The Bible was first translated into Castilian Spanish in the so-called Pre-Alfonsine version, which led to the Alfonsine version for the court of Alfonso X (ca. 1280).

The Biblia Torres Amat [es] appeared in 1825. Traditionalist Catholics consider this to be the best Spanish translation because it is direct translation from St. Jerome's LatinVulgate, like the English languageDouay-Rheims Bible.

Of more recent versions, the first official translation of the complete Catholic Bible was done by Nácar-Colunga (1944), followed by Bover-Cantera (1947) and Straubinger (1944–51).

The most widely accepted Catholic Bible is the Jerusalem Bible, known as 'la Biblia de Jerusalén' in Spanish, translated from Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek with exegetical notes translated from French into Spanish, first published in 1967, and revised in 1973. It is also available in a modern Latin American version, and comes with full introductory texts and comments. This particular Catholic Bible version has the interesting distinction of rendering the divine name based on the Hebrew Tetragrammaton as 'Yahvé' (Yahweh) as opposed to the most common rendering of 'El Señor' (The Lord) throughout the Old Testament text starting at Genesis 2:4.

Other popular versions include Biblia Latinoamericana (1972), Nueva Biblia Española (1975), Cantera-Iglesia (1975), Sagrada Biblia (1978), Dios Habla Hoy (1979), La Biblia (1992), Biblia del Peregrino (1993), Biblia de América (1994) and La Biblia de Nuestro Pueblo (2006).

In recent years several ecumenical versions that carry the deuterocanonical books, for example 'Dios Habla Hoy' from the UBS, have been approved by the CELAM (Latin American Episcopal Council) for study purposes. Mano negra discografia download. Their acceptance, however, is limited and their use in liturgy avoided due to claims of inaccurate translations in key passages for Catholics like Luke 1:26-38, 40-45; John 20:22-23; 21:15-17.

In 2010 the Conference of Spanish Bishops published an official version of the Holy Bible in Spanish for liturgical and catechetical use.Many of these Catholic translations are also the Bible Versions authorized to be used in Spanish language services of the Episcopal Church and the Anglican Communion.^[1][2]

Messianic translations[edit]

Las Sagradas Escrituras, Versión Israelita Nazarena

The Old and New Testaments have been translated into Spanish by Messianic translators, edited by Editorial Hebraica and published by El Candelero de Luz, Inc. with an introduction by J.A. Alvarez under the title Las Sagradas Escrituras, Versión Israelita Nazarena (The Sacred Scriptures, Israelite Nazarene Version) in Puerto Rico in 2012. Jesus prayer in tamil pdf online.

The Old Testament books follow the same order as the Jewish Bible and also includes Psalm 151. This translation is only available in Spanish. The Old Testament is based on the Hebrew Masoretic Text while the New Testament is based on the Novum Testamentum of Westcott & Hort (The New Testament in the Original Greek).^[4][5][6]

This translation uses the divine name of the Hebrew tetragrammaton which renders it as Yahweh and/or Elohim throughout the text, while the Messiah's name is rendered Yahoshua as opposed to the more common and popular form of Yeshua or Jesus. The Holy Spirit is rendered Espíritu de Yahweh or Santidad (Spirit of Yahweh or Sanctity) as opposed to the more common Espíritu Santo (Holy Spirit).

This translation utilizes Hebrew names for people and places as opposed to the more common Greek/Spanish equivalents. Bible names are in italicized Hebrew (transliterated in the Roman alphabet) alongside their equivalent Spanish names.

This edition comes with an appendix and a Hebrew glossary to aid the reader in interpreting Hebrew names and words for people, places, objects and concepts such as the Hebrew word malakhim which is rendered mensajero (messenger) as opposed to the more common Spanish word ángel.

This Spanish language Messianic Bible was geared and oriented towards the growing Messianic Jewish movement in Latin America, Spain and Israel, where there is a Sephardic Jewish presence, as well as a growing number of Hispanic and Sephardic members in the Messianic Jewish movement in the United States of America and Canada.

Nuevo Testamento Judío

The 'Nuevo Testamento Judío' is a 2011 re-translation into Spanish of Dr. David H. Stern's 1989 English translation known as the JEWISH NEW TESTAMENT. Published by Messianic Jewish Resources International.^[7]

List of Spanish translations ^[8][edit]

• Biblia Alfonsina, 1280.
• Biblia del Duque de Alba, 1430.
• Antiguo Testamento del rabino Salomón, 1420.
• Antiguo Testamento de traductor anónimo, 1420.
• Nuevo Testamento de Francisco de Enzinas, 1543.
• Ferrara Bible, 1553.
• Nuevo Testamento de Juan Pérez de Pineda, 1556.
• Reina o 'Biblia del Oso' (RV), 1569, revised in 1602 by Cipriano de Valera (see Reina-Valera).
• Biblia del padre Scío de San Miguel, 1793.
• Valera1865, Valera 1602 reprinted by the America Bible Society, revised by Dr. Ángel de Mora, 1865.
• Versión Moderna, 1893.
• Biblia de Petisco y Torres Amat (1º Tomo—Genesis to Ruth), 5º Tomo—Isaiah to Ezekiel, 1825.
• Nuevo Testamento versión hispanoamericana, 1916.
• Biblia Nácar-Colunga, 1944.
• Biblia Bóver-Cantera, 1947.
• Nuevo Testamento de monseñor Straubinger, 1948.
• Biblia de Jerusalén, 1966. Translation from French.
• Biblia traducción del Nuevo Mundo, 1967. Translation from English.
• Biblia de Editorial Labor, 1968.
• Biblia Latinoamericana, elsewhere called 'Biblia edición pastoral para Latinoamérica', 1972.
• La Biblia de editorial Herder, 1975.
• Nueva Biblia Española, 1976.
• Sagrada Biblia de Magaña. 1978
• Biblia Interconfesional, 1978.
• Dios Habla Hoy o Versión Popular (DHH), 1979.
• La Biblia al Día, 1979.
• Biblia el libro del pueblo de Dios, 1980.
• Biblia de la Universidad de Navarra, 1983-2004.
• La Biblia de las Américas (LBLA), published by the Lockman Foundation, 1986, 1995, 1997.
• Biblia, versión revisada por un equipo de traductores dirigido por Evaristo Martín Nieto. 1989.
• Reina-Valera Actualizada (RVA), published by the Editorial Mundo Hispano, 1989.
• Biblia Casa de la Biblia, 1992.
• Biblia del Peregrino, 1993.
• Nuevo Testamento versión Recobro, 1994.
• Nueva Versión Internacional (NVI), 1999.
• Nuevo Testamento traducción de Pedro Ortiz, 2000.
• Nuevo Testamento la Palabra de Dios para Todos (PDT), 2000.
• VALERA1865, revised by Dr. Ángel de Mora, 1865, reprinted by the Valera Bible Society, 2000.
• Traducción en lenguaje actual (TLA), 2003.
• Traducción del Nuevo Mundo de las Escrituras Griegas Cristianas, 1963. Based on English/Original Text.^[9] Published by Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania.
• Traducción del Nuevo Mundo de las Santas Escrituras, 1987. Based on English/Original Text.^[9] Published by Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania.
• La Biblia. Traducción del Nuevo Mundo, 2019. Based on English/Original Text.^[10] Published by Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania.
• Reina Valera Gómez 2004 Publicada por Iglesia Bautista Libertad.
• Biblia la Palabra de Dios para Todos (PDT), 2005.
• Nueva Biblia Latinoamericana de Hoy (NBLH), 2005. Formerly known as Nueva Biblia de los Hispanos.
• Nueva Biblia al día (NBD), 2008 Published by Thomas Nelson.
• Nueva Traducción Viviente (NTV), 2010 Published by Tyndale Español.
• Santa Biblia: Reina-Valera 2009, 2009 Published by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
• Santa Biblia: Nueva Reina-Valera Versión Siglo XXI, 2009 Published by Sociedad Bíblica Emanuel.
• Sagrada Biblia. Versión oficial de la Conferencia Episcopal Española, 2010. (SagradaBibliaCEE.com. Printed editions include ISBN978-8422015017 = paperback, and ISBN978-8422015611 = reforzada.)
• Reina Valera Contemporánea, 2011 Published by Sociedades Biblicas Unidas (United Bible Societies).
• Nuevo Testamento Judío, 2011 by Dr.David H. Stern published by Messianic Jewish Resources International.
• Las Sagradas Escrituras, Versión Israelita Nazarena, 2012 Published by El Candelero de Luz, Inc. in Puerto Rico.
• La Santa Biblia Rey Jacobo, 2017 Available at Www.reyjacobo.com
• La Biblia Traducción del Nuevo Mundo 2019 Available in Digital format for free at JW.ORG

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abhttp://www.episcopalchurch.org/library/article/general-seminary-will-host-lecture-printed-bibles
2. ^ ^abThe Canons of the General Convention of the Episcopal Church: Canon 2: Of Translations of the BibleArchived 2015-07-24 at the Wayback Machine
3. ^Code of Canon Law, canon 825
4. ^https://www.facebook.com/candelerodeluzinc
5. ^https://www.facebook.com/versionisraelita.nazarena.3
6. ^http://www.elcandelerodeluz.org/
7. ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-06-12.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
8. ^Serrano, Rafael.(2014). History of the Spanish Bible. Lulu Press. ISBN978-1-312-12484-4.
9. ^ ^ab'Portada/Página de los editores'. wol.jw.org (in Spanish). 1987.
10. ^''Completamente preparado para realizar todo tipo de buenas obras''. jw.org (in Spanish). 2019-07-24. Retrieved 2019-07-31.

External links[edit]

• Valera Bible Society. Rejects all Reina-Valera revisions after 1865.
• Biblia Reina-Valera, 1602 version (Project Gutenberg)
• La Biblia más antigua en castellano (Spanish)
• Santa Biblia en Audio : Free Audio Bible in Spanish